Historically and culturally speaking, since late 1990's “Modern” Reiki and Meditation techniques and practices also impacts on the Indonesian people. This response is portrayed as based upon “ressentiment”-the “faulty rationality” which marginalized individuals adopt so as to translate their clashes of material self-interests into the moral conflict between stereotyped communities-the virtuous ethnic Us against the demonized ethnic Other. The apparent analytical tension between individualistic pragmatism and collectivist moral absolutism is resolved by showing how the gang responds to their disillusionment with the state by constructing for themselves a “state proxy” role.
The examination of one particular ethnic gang, the Betawi Brotherhood Forum which operates in Jakarta, Indonesia, indicates how both dimensions of violence coexist and interweave. However, there is an apparent tension between the conceptualization of such violence as the rational self-interest of deprived individuals, and as the irrational fanaticism of anomic communities. Thnic gang violence is often depicted as a clash between criminals pursuing instrumental advantage or as one between ideological fanatics pursuing collective nationalist, ethnolinguistic, or ethnoreligious rights.
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